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<title>D/q-Transformation</title>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">d/q-Transformation</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>d/q-Transformation</b>, auch als <b>dq-</b>, <b>dq0-</b> und als <b>Park-Transformation</b> bezeichnet, dient dazu, <a href="../Dreiphasenwechselstrom" title="Dreiphasenwechselstrom">dreiphasige</a> Größen wie bei einer <a href="../Drehstrommaschine" title="Drehstrommaschine">Drehstrommaschine</a> mit den Achsen U,V,W in ein zweiachsiges <a href="../Koordinatensystem" title="Koordinatensystem">Koordinatensystem</a> mit den Achsen <i>d</i> und <i>q</i> zu überführen. Sie ist ein Teil der mathematischen Grundlagen zur <a href="../Vektorregelung" title="Vektorregelung">Vektorregelung</a> von Drehstrommaschinen und beschreibt eine von mehreren möglichen <a href="../Raumzeigerdarstellung" title="Raumzeigerdarstellung">Raumzeigerdarstellungen</a>. Im Gegensatz zur verwandten <a href="../Clarke-Transformation" title="Clarke-Transformation">Clarke-Transformation</a> rotiert das d/q-Koordinatensystem im stationären Fall mit dem Rotor und das Wertepaar d/q stellt dann zeitlich konstante Größen dar. Die Grundform der d/q-Transformation wurde erstmals 1929 von <a href="../Robert_H._Park" title="Robert H. Park">Robert H. Park</a> formuliert.<sup id="cite_ref-park1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allgemeines">Allgemeines</h2></div>

<p>Ein Dreiphasensystem wird in der <a href="../Komplexe_Ebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplexe Ebene">komplexen Ebene</a> durch drei Koordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span>, die jeweils um einen Winkel von 120° versetzt sind, beschrieben. Sie entsprechen den drei Spulen des ruhenden Stators einer Drehfeldmaschine, wobei definitionsgemäß die Achse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der reellen Achse zusammenfällt, wie in der ersten Abbildung des statorfesten αβ-Koordinatensystems der Clarke-Transformation dargestellt. Durch diese Spulen fließende Ströme <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{U}}">
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<mi>I</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{U}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7aa21bc338d2ef9c8ef7182b011e415d798032a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.516ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{U}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{V}}">
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<mi>I</mi>
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<mi>V</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{V}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a62600106f3437a39eb9308fe00934b9d97ace0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.519ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{V}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{W}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>W</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{W}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64205d0a635c64fa1143f35bdc06cfee3fe5bc41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.977ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{W}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind bei einem symmetrischen Dreiphasensystem in Summe immer 0.
</p>

<p>Bei der d/q-Transformation wird das Koordinatensystem mit den aufeinander rechtwinkelig stehenden Achsen d und q mit der <a href="../Kreisfrequenz" title="Kreisfrequenz">Kreisfrequenz</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{\text{rotor}}}">
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<mtext>rotor</mtext>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{\text{rotor}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f742e04d2c7aa41f43f27975e981a71f64c74f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.483ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{\text{rotor}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem <a href="../Rotor" title="Rotor">Rotor</a> mitrotiert, wie in zweiter Abbildung dargestellt. Damit kann das Drehfeld bei konstanter Drehzahl in Form zweier zeitlich konstanter Größen d und q beschrieben werden. Der Wert d bildet die <a href="../Magnetische_Flussdichte" title="Magnetische Flussdichte">magnetische Flussdichte</a> der <a href="../Magnetische_Erregung" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetische Erregung">magnetischen Erregung</a> im Rotor ab, und q ist ein Ausdruck für das vom Rotor erzeugte <a href="../Drehmoment" title="Drehmoment">Drehmoment</a>. Zeitliche Änderungen wie der Drehzahl oder Momentschwankungen resultieren in zeitlichen Änderungen von d bzw. q. Der Vorteil der Transformation besteht darin, dass Drehfeldmaschinen ähnlich einfach wie Gleichstrommaschinen mit einem <a href="../PI-Regler" class="mw-redirect" title="PI-Regler">PI-Regler</a> geregelt werden können.
</p><p>Um das d/q-Koordinatensystem mit korrekter Winkelgeschwindigkeit und Phasenlage mit dem Rotor mitrotieren zu lassen, ist es notwendig, die genaue Lage in Form des Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }" loading="lazy"></span> des Rotors zu kennen. Diese für die Transformation wesentliche Information kann mit zusätzlich an der Maschine angebrachten Sensoren wie <a href="../Hallsensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallsensor">Hall-</a> oder optischen Sensoren, oder durch Rückkopplungen wie die Auswertung der <a href="../Quellenspannung" title="Quellenspannung">Quellenspannung</a> an der Statorwicklung gewonnen werden.
</p><p>Die Transformation ist nicht nur auf die elektrischen Ströme beschränkt, sondern kann für alle anderen elektrischen Größen wie die dabei auftretenden <a href="../Elektrische_Spannung" title="Elektrische Spannung">elektrischen Spannungen</a> oder die <a href="../Magnetischer_Fluss" title="Magnetischer Fluss">magnetischen Flussdichte</a> analog angewandt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gleichungen">Gleichungen</h2></div>
<p>Die amplitudeninvariante d/q-Transformation für symmetrische Dreiphasensysteme ist definiert als:<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\end{bmatrix}}={\frac {2}{3}}{\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\\-\sin(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>[</mo>
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<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>cos</mi>
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<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mn>3</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
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<mn>3</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mn>3</mn>
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<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>U</mi>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
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<mi>I</mi>
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<mi>W</mi>
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<mo>]</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\end{bmatrix}}={\frac {2}{3}}{\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\\-\sin(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e8f984d0c21ba04a2946c479d9c228a61b724a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:60.088ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\end{bmatrix}}={\frac {2}{3}}{\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\\-\sin(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die inverse d/q-Transformation lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta )\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\end{bmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>U</mi>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
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<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta )\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22760fbb80f664ae9423088cc24155d30229b6dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.728ex; margin-bottom: -0.276ex; width:46.266ex; height:11.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta )\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\end{bmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In einfachen <a href="../Mikrocontroller" title="Mikrocontroller">Mikrocontrollern</a>, insbesondere ohne <a href="../Flie%C3%9Fkomma-Arithmetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Fließkomma-Arithmetik">Fließkomma-Arithmetik</a>, stellt die in Echtzeit auszuführende Berechnung der trigonometrischen Funktionen unter Umständen ein Laufzeitproblem dar. Aus Optimierungsgründen wird daher in praktischen Implementierungen die d/q-Transformation mit Hilfe einer <a href="../Clarke-Transformation" title="Clarke-Transformation">Clarke-Transformation</a> und den daraus gewonnenen Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7fc3aefcac52dfd533cb2259819a098181190163.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.307ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\beta }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\beta }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b1891e06cf9bed56e02706c4655888ad226780d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.197ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\beta }}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einer Rotation in Form einer <a href="../Drehmatrix" title="Drehmatrix">Drehmatrix</a> ausgeführt. Diese Drehmatrix reduziert sich dabei zu:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;\sin(\theta )\\-\sin(\theta )&amp;\cos(\theta )\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{\alpha }\\I_{\beta }\end{bmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo>[</mo>
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<mtd>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;\sin(\theta )\\-\sin(\theta )&amp;\cos(\theta )\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{\alpha }\\I_{\beta }\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac351068a002161ae3b9be91a16b7ded23d1f593.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:33.424ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;\sin(\theta )\\-\sin(\theta )&amp;\cos(\theta )\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{\alpha }\\I_{\beta }\end{bmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die trigonometrischen Berechnungen müssen so nur für einen Drehwinkel berechnet werden, und die gleichzeitige Berechnung der Werte von Sinus und Cosinus kann durch optimierte Routinen ausgeführt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erweiterung">Erweiterung</h2></div>
<p>Bei einem nicht im Gleichgewicht befindlichen Dreiphasensystem kann durch Hinzufügen eines dritten Parameters <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/893d08e90ea73781dc133414d661529d0651ca80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Rahmen der Theorie der <a href="../Symmetrische_Komponenten" title="Symmetrische Komponenten">symmetrischen Komponenten</a> die d/q-Transformation zu der dq0-Transformation erweitert werden. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/893d08e90ea73781dc133414d661529d0651ca80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Summe der drei Phasenströme:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{0}={\frac {1}{3}}(I_{U}+I_{V}+I_{W})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>U</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
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<mi>V</mi>
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<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{0}={\frac {1}{3}}(I_{U}+I_{V}+I_{W})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4449e5cff2c8ceec8c428dd7800fcf91b37faee9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.677ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{0}={\frac {1}{3}}(I_{U}+I_{V}+I_{W})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der dann auch die sich nicht im Gleichgewicht befindlichen Dreiphasensysteme durch die amplitudeninvariante dq0-Transformation beschreiben lassen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\\I_{0}\end{bmatrix}}={\frac {2}{3}}{\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\\-\sin(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\\{\frac {1}{2}}&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
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<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mtd>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\\I_{0}\end{bmatrix}}={\frac {2}{3}}{\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\\-\sin(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\\{\frac {1}{2}}&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/339b8be5a7cead79f17f1e94d7cb2bb4cf8aeafb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.338ex; width:61.124ex; height:11.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\\I_{0}\end{bmatrix}}={\frac {2}{3}}{\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\\-\sin(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})\\{\frac {1}{2}}&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}&amp;{\frac {1}{2}}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die inverse dq0-Transformation lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta )&amp;1\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;1\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})&amp;1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\\I_{0}\end{bmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>I</mi>
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<mtr>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
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<mtr>
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<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>W</mi>
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<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
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<mi>cos</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mn>3</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>θ<!-- θ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
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<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>]</mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
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<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>d</mi>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
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<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>q</mi>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta )&amp;1\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;1\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})&amp;1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\\I_{0}\end{bmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/034206ef0be46b52b1b4f60e41ede7e988ab761b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.728ex; margin-bottom: -0.276ex; width:50.397ex; height:11.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}I_{U}\\I_{V}\\I_{W}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta )&amp;-\sin(\theta )&amp;1\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {2\pi }{3}})&amp;1\\\cos(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})&amp;-\sin(\theta -{\frac {4\pi }{3}})&amp;1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}I_{d}\\I_{q}\\I_{0}\end{bmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die leistungsinvariante dq0-Transformation, und damit auch die vereinfachte dq-Transformation, beinhaltet den Vorfaktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/789f1d9736aaedeb05b88d1125c9a92b9aab8a59.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.982ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> anstatt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/571a6ce6d697175e9e5e723b8c40eaa7efcfeaca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {2}{3}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Inversen zur Rücktransformation müssen im leistungsinvarianten Fall jeweils mit dem Faktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="../_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/789f1d9736aaedeb05b88d1125c9a92b9aab8a59.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.982ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{3}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> multipliziert werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Padmaraja Yedamale: <cite style="font-style:italic">Feldorientierte Steuerung ohne Sensor - Leiser und effizienter per BLDC-Motor</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">elektronik industrie</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>, 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>38&nbsp;bis&nbsp;41</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:D%2Fq-Transformation&amp;rft.atitle=Feldorientierte+Steuerung+ohne+Sensor+-+Leiser+und+effizienter+per+BLDC-Motor&amp;rft.au=Padmaraja+Yedamale&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=elektronik+industrie&amp;rft.pages=38+bis+41" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-park1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-park1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. H. Park: <cite style="font-style:italic">Two Reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines generalized Method of Analysis-Part I</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">AIEE Transactions</cite>. Vol. 48, 1929, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>716&nbsp;bis&nbsp;727</span>, <a href="../Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1929.5055275">10.1109/T-AIEE.1929.5055275</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:D%2Fq-Transformation&amp;rft.atitle=Two+Reaction+Theory+of+Synchronous+Machines+generalized+Method+of+Analysis-Part+I&amp;rft.au=R.+H.+Park&amp;rft.btitle=AIEE+Transactions&amp;rft.date=1929&amp;rft.doi=10.1109%2FT-AIEE.1929.5055275&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=716+bis+727&amp;rft.volume=Vol.+48" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Binder-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Binder: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elektrische Maschinen und Antriebe</cite>. Springer-Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-540-71849-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1016<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:D%2Fq-Transformation&amp;rft.au=A.+Binder&amp;rft.btitle=Elektrische+Maschinen+und+Antriebe&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540718499&amp;rft.pages=1016+f.&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> S. Okur, E. Cohen: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ti.com/lit/an/sprad27a/sprad27a.pdf">Optimized Trigonometric Functions on TI Arm Cores</a></span>
</li>
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